Technologies for Learning

 

Technologies for Learning


Cooperative learning
            Cooperative learning involves small heterogeneous groups or students working together to achieve a common academic goal task while working together to learn collaboration and social skills.
Advantages of Cooperative Learning
  • Active learning
  • Social skill
  • Interdependence
  •  Individual accountability

Limitations of Cooperative Learning
  • ·         Student compatibility
  • ·         Student dependency
  • ·         Time consuming
  • ·         Individualists
  • ·         Logistical obstacles

Integration of Cooperative Learning
        Students can learn cooperatively not only by being taught with materials but also by producing materials themselves.
Learning Together Model
      Johnson and Johnson’s interdependent learning group, known as the Learning Together model, requires for basic elements:
  1.    Positive interdependence
  2.  Face-to-face helping interaction
  3.  Individual accountability
  4. Teaching interpersonal and small-group skill


Team-Assisted Individualization (TAI)
             TAI has achieved impressive results in field test. Not only do TAI students score higher on computation and application skills, they also show better social relations with students with disabilities and with students of other ethnic and cultural origin.

TAI follows this pattern:
1. Teaching groups
2. Team formation
3. Self-instructional materials
4. Team study
5. Team scores and team recognition
Computer-Based
      Cooperative Learning
            Computer assistance can alleviate some of the logistical obstacles to using cooperative learning methods, particularly the tasks of managing information, allocating different individual responsibilities, presenting and monitoring instructional material, analyzing learner responses, administering tests, and scoring and providing remediation for those tests.
Games
         A game Is an activity in which participans follow as prescribed rules that differ from those of real life as they strive to attain a challenging goal.
Advantages of Games
•       Attractive
•       Novel
•       Atmosphere
•       Time on task
Limitations of Games
•       Competition
•       Distractions
•       Poor design
Integration of Games
•       Attainment of cognitive objectives particullary those involving recognition, discrimination, or memorization.
•       Adding motivation to topics of that ordinarily attract little students interest.
•       Small group instruction.
•       Basic skills.
•       Vocabulary building.
Adapting the Content of Instructional Games
          The original game is referred lends sitself to as a frame game because its framework lends itself to multiple adaptation. The designer loads the desired content onto a convenient frame. (stolovitch & thiagarajan, 1980).
Simulations
          Simulation is an abstraction of simplification of some real-life situation or process. In simulation, participants usually play a role that involves them in interactions with other people or with elements of the simulated environment. Simulations are by design active. They are not spectator sport. Simulations provide realistic practice with feedback in a realistic context.
Simulation and problem-based learning
           In problem based learning, the learner is led toward understanding principals through grappling with a problem situations. Most simulations attempt to immerse participants in a problem. One value of simulations is that it implements the problem based learning method as directly and clearly as possible.
Simulators
      Simulator refers to the device employed to represent a physical system in a scaled-down form.
Advantages
•       Realistic
•       Safe
•       simplified
Limitations
•       Time consuming
•       oversimplification
Integration
•       Training in motor skills.
•       Instructions in social interaction and human relations.
•       Development of decision making skills.
Role plays
        Role play refers to a type of simulation in which the dominant feature is relatively open ended interactions among people
Simulation Games
         A simulation game combines the attributes of a simulation (role playing, a model of reality) with the attributes of a game (striving toward a goal, specific rules).
Integration
        Instructional simulation games are found in curriculum application that require both the repetitive skill practice associated with games and the reality context associated with simulations.
Cooperative simulation games
         Tradionally, game both athletic contests and table top board games have emphasized competition among adversaries.
Learning centers
          The learning centers is a self contained environment designed to promote individual or small group learning around specific task.
Advantages
•       Self-facing
•       Active learning
•       Teacher role
Limitations
•       Cost
•       Management
•       Student responsibility
•       Student isolation
Integration
•       Skill centers
•       Interest centers
•       Remedial centers
•       Enrichment centers
Programmed instruction
          Programmed instruction was chronologically the first technology for learning and is an explicit application of principles of learning theory—operant conditioning or reinforcement theory.
Advantages
•       Self-facing
•       Practice and feedback
•       Reliable
•       effective
Limitations
•       Program design
•       Tedious
•       Lack of social interaction
Programmed tutoring
         Programmed tutoring is one to one method of instruction in which the tutor’s responses are programmed in advance in the form carefully structured printed instruction.
Advantages
•       Self-facing
•       Practice and feedback
•       Reliable
•       effective
Limitations
•       Labor intensive
•       Development cost
Integration
           Being basic skills and highly structured by nature, these subjects lend themselves to this approach. Remedial instruction is a typical application of tutoring program.
Programmed teaching
             Programmed teaching also known as direct instruction, is an attempt to apply the principles of program instruction in a large group setting.
Personalize System of Instruction (PSI)
           Personalize System of Instruction sometimes reffers to as the Keller plan after Fred Keller, who depelove it. It can be described as a template for managing instruction.
Advantages
•       Self-pacing
•       Mastery
•       Effective
Limitations
•       Development cost
•       Behaviorist commitment
•       Self-discipline

Integration
Fred  S. Keller developed the first PSI course at the University of Brasilia in the mid 1960s (hence PSI’s alternate name, the Keller Plan).

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